Calcutta, the second city of the British Empire in India, and the capital of Bengal. Located on the east bank of the Hooghly River, it is the principal commercial, cultural, and educational centre of eastern India and one its largest ports. Under the British Raj, Kolkata served as the capital of India until 1911, when its perceived geographical disadvantages, combined with growing nationalism in Bengal, led to a shift of the capital to New Delhi. The city was a centre of the Indian independence movement; it remains a hotbed of contemporary state politics. As a nucleus of the 19th- and early 20th-century Bengal Renaissance, Calcutta has established traditions in drama, art, film, theatre, and literature and includes among its citizens several Nobel laureates.